Understanding Remote Work Visas: A Comprehensive Guide
Intro
Remote work has transformed the traditional workspace, expanding opportunities for professionals globally. One key development in this shift is the emergence of remote work visas, designed to accommodate the lifestyle of digital nomads and remote employees. These visas not only provide a pathway for individuals looking to balance work and travel but also present significant benefits for countries aiming to attract skilled talent.
As more companies embrace flexible work arrangements, the concept of residing in a different country while working remotely has gained traction. In contrast to typical tourist visas, these specialized permits recognize the unique circumstances of remote workers, often with features that cater to their particular needs.
This guide breaks down the current landscape of remote work visas, examining their advantages and the hurdles faced by both applicants and host nations. Additionally, we'll explore market trends that highlight the growing importance of this topic, revealing insights into global offerings and their economic impacts.
By understanding the nuances of remote work visas, potential applicants and stakeholders can grasp how these opportunities influence lives, economies, and the future of work itself.
The Concept of Remote Work Visa
The idea of a remote work visa has gained traction in recent years, primarily because of shifts in how work is conducted around the globe. With technology enabling seamless communication and collaboration, individuals now find that they can perform their roles from any location. A remote work visa specifically allows these individuals, often referred to as digital nomads, to live and work in a foreign country legally while maintaining their employment or business ties remotely.
The necessity of such visas transcends simple convenience; it offers significant benefits to countries aiming to enhance their economy by attracting skilled individuals. As borders blur in the work context, nations compete for talent by offering enticing environments for remote workers. Importantly, understanding remote work visas entails recognizing their role in shaping a global workforce, as they often come with requirements that reflect the host country’s economic aims and cultural values.
Definition and Purpose
A remote work visa can be defined as a permit that allows individuals to legally reside in a foreign country while working remotely for a client or employer that is based in another nation. Unlike tourist or student visas, which restrict income generation, a remote work visa recognizes that many travelers today wish to blend work and leisure.
The primary purpose of these visas is to facilitate the growing trend of remote work by providing a legal framework that benefits both the worker and the host country. For the applicant, a remote work visa opens doors to international experiences, cultural exchanges, and often, a better quality of life. For host countries, they become a means of revenue generation, enriching local economies and communities through the influx of skilled professionals.
Historical Context
The concept of remote work isn't as new as one might think, though it has certainly evolved over the years. Historically, work was tied to specific locations – factories, offices, or agricultural fields. As technology began to advance in the late 20th century, roles that traditionally required in-person attendance started to shift to more flexible arrangements. The advent of the internet, particularly in the early 2000s, offered workers the tools they needed to communicate effectively from anywhere.
Fast-forward to the post-pandemic world, and remote work saw an explosive increase throughout 2020 and beyond. Countries began to take note of the thousands of people who found their offices in coffee shops, scenic beaches, and cozy mountain lodges. It pushed nations to reconsider legal frameworks for foreign workers who required stability and structure in their working lives without being tied to a location. The availability of remote work visas symbolizes this shift, paving the way for digital nomadism to blossom on a global scale.
The rise of remote work visas represents an intersection between traditional migration policies and modern work realities, indicating that countries are adapting to the changing landscape of employment.
Understanding the concept of remote work visas is essential for various stakeholders, including investors, agents, and expatriates. As these individuals navigate through the complexities of international work options, a well-rounded view of remote work visas can inform strategic decisions and enhance lifestyle choices.
The Rise of Remote Work Culture
The concept of remote work has transformed far beyond a mere trend; it has evolved into a pivotal component of modern work culture. As more individuals seek flexibility, it's no surprise that remote work has garnered attention in various sectors. This section explores the burgeoning remote work culture, focusing on technology's role and the global workforce's shifting landscape. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for investors, expatriates, and agents seeking to navigate the emerging opportunities in this new world of work.
Influence of Technology
In today's hyper-connected world, technology acts as a backbone for the rise of remote work. High-speed internet has become as essential as the air we breathe, enabling collaboration across continents without the hindrance of physical borders. For instance, cloud services like Google Drive and Microsoft OneDrive have also simplified document sharing, allowing teams to work simultaneously, regardless of location.
Moreover, tools like Zoom and Slack have redefined communication, making it seamless to conduct meetings and discussions in a virtual setting. As technology continues to advance, we witness an increasing number of innovative platforms catering to this demographic. This digital landscape not only fosters efficiency but also creates an environment where remote workers can thrive by engaging with their colleagues through various online channels.
As technology keeps racing ahead, one crucial aspect to note is its impact on productivity. It reveals an encouraging trend: many remote workers report increased output and job satisfaction. The flexibility to create an ideal working environment means that individuals are often happier in their roles. Yet, this comes with its challenges too. Time management might get tricky when the boundaries blur between work and personal life, leading to potential burnout if not handled carefully.
Globalization of the Workforce
Globalization has quilted a rich tapestry of cultural perspectives within workforces across the globe. In turn, this has pushed organizations to rethink their operational frameworks, allowing them to tap into talent pools that were previously out of reach. Remote work complements this shift by permitting workers to contribute to global teams without relocating.
Many professionals, especially millennials and Gen Z, are increasingly prioritizing experiences over traditional job security. The allure of working from picturesque beaches or cozy mountain cabins has never been stronger. Countries such as Portugal and Thailand have become popular for their sun-soaked vistas and increasingly friendly visa policies targeting remote workers.
This not only helps workers find a place where they can balance work and leisure but also increases competition among nations to attract these talent pools. As a result, countries are crafting more appealing remote work visa programs, encouraging professionals from diverse backgrounds to settle in their lands temporarily.
In summary, the rise of remote work culture is not merely about flexibility; it embodies a growing movement towards a more interconnected workforce. The fusion of technology and globalization heralds opportunities previously thought unattainable. As we navigate through this article, it will be interesting to see how remote work visas can serve as a bridge between individuals seeking dynamic work experiences and the countries looking to welcome them.
Types of Remote Work Visas
As the phenomenon of remote work gathers momentum, understanding the different types of remote work visas becomes paramount for digital nomads and expatriates navigating the global job market. These visas not only provide legal frameworks for individuals who wish to work remotely in foreign locales, but they also reflect the transforming nature of work itself. The significance of these visas extends to bridging gaps between talent and opportunity, enabling a more mobile, interconnected workforce.
Digital Nomad Visas
Digital nomad visas cater specifically to those who earn their living through online platforms and have the flexibility to work from anywhere. This sort of visa usually allows individuals to stay in a host country for an extended duration, often up to a year or more, as long as they meet certain criteria of employment.
Key benefits of digital nomad visas include:
- Work freedom: Enjoying the ability to relocate while continuing to earn without being tied to a single office.
- Cultural immersion: Experiencing life in different countries enhances personal growth and cultural knowledge.
- Networking opportunities: Connecting with other digital nomads can lead to collaborations and friendships that cross borders.
Countries like Portugal and Estonia have warmed up to the idea of attracting digital nomads, embedding these visas into their legislative structures. The application processes are designed to be transparent and often include necessary checkpoints to prove one can financially sustain themselves, typically requiring proof of income.
Freelancer Visas
Freelancer visas provide a unique opportunity for self-employed individuals to live and work legally in another country. Often preferred by those in fields such as writing, programming, or graphic design, these visas allow freelancers to move to a foreign country where they can serve clients while soaking in a new environment.
Some important considerations include:
- Varied eligibility: Requirements can differ widely, often based on the specific country's market needs. For instance, some nations might look favorably upon freelancers in tech or digital arts.
- Tax implications: Freelancers should be aware of how their earnings will be taxed in their home countries versus their host countries, ensuring compliance and avoiding unforeseen financial headaches.
Countries like Germany and Spain have introduced freelancer visas, facilitating smoother transitions into their respective job markets. The beauty of freelancer visas lies in their adaptability, allowing creative professionals to flourish outside of conventional employment frameworks.
Business or Startup Remote Work Visas
The landscape of remote work isn't just for individuals; it extends to entrepreneurs and startups as well. Business or startup remote work visas cater to innovators looking to establish or run a business in different jurisdictions while working remotely.
Key aspects of business visas include:
- Incubation opportunities: Countries often provide resources that help startups scale, such as mentorship and networking through local incubators.
- Investment incentives: Some nations offer tax breaks or grants to attract entrepreneurs, enabling innovative projects to take root.
For instance, Singapore and Canada have visa programs tailored for business owners, offering them a chance to not only operate within their economies but also contribute to local job creation.
Countries Offering Remote Work Visas
The landscape of work has undergone a seismic shift in recent years, with remote work visas taking the center stage. These visas facilitate individuals who wish to live in one country while working for a foreign employer. The importance of this topic cannot be overstated, as a growing number of countries are recognizing the potential benefits that come from attracting remote workers. Economic stimulation, cultural exchange, and the infusion of global talent are just a few key elements that illustrate the value this visa category holds.
Before embarking on the journey to obtain a remote work visa, potential applicants should understand the unique offerings and conditions presented by different countries. Each destination comes with its own charm and advantages, making the selection process pivotal for remote workers. Thus, it is essential to delve into what prominent countries like Portugal, Estonia, the United Arab Emirates, and Bermuda have to offer.
Portugal
Renowned for its breathtaking landscapes and rich cultural heritage, Portugal has emerged as a significant player in the realm of remote work visas. The D7 Visa, specifically designed for independent workers and digital nomads, allows individuals to live in this picturesque country while maintaining their remote positions.
The benefits of opting for a remote work visa in Portugal include:
- Affordable Cost of Living: Comparatively lower living expenses, especially in cities like Lisbon and Porto.
- Vibrant Community: Expanding networks of digital nomads, offering ample opportunities for professional and social interactions.
- High Quality of Life: A welcoming climate and proximity to stunning beaches contribute to a balanced lifestyle, enhancing work-life harmony.
Estonia
With its pioneering approach, Estonia is often hailed as a beacon for digital nomads. It offers a unique Digital Nomad Visa that allows remote workers to temporarily live and work in the country, provided they meet certain requirements. Estonia's reputation as a tech hub attracts numerous entrepreneurs and freelancers.
Among the attractive features of the Estonian remote work visa are:
- E-Residency: This program simplifies the process of establishing and managing an online business from anywhere in the world.
- Innovative Ecosystem: Access to a thriving startup community, mentorship, and potential collaboration opportunities.
- Digital Infrastructure: Advanced digital services and connectivity make it seamless for remote work.
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates has recently crafted a plan tailored for remote workers, introducing the Virtual Working Program. This initiative is a game-changer, allowing expats to live in places like Dubai and Abu Dhabi while continuing to work remotely for an overseas employer.
Key points to consider about the UAE's offering include:
- Tax Incentives: Zero income tax is a significant draw for many expatriates.
- Luxury Lifestyle: World-class infrastructure and leisure activities make living here a lavish experience.
- Cultural Melting Pot: Flourishing with diversity, it creates a unique environment to both work and relax.
Bermuda
Known for its stunning beaches and unique blend of culture, Bermuda has entered the arena by introducing its Work from Bermuda Certificate. This visa allows professionals to work remotely while enjoying the tranquil atmosphere of the island.
Factors that make Bermuda an appealing destination for remote workers include:
- Idyllic Environment: The scenic beauty is hard to match, perfect for work breaks.
- Exclusive Community: A niche clientele that attracts like-minded individuals from across the globe.
- Networking Opportunities: Potential access to local entrepreneurs and innovative thinkers gives a refreshing perspective on business.
"In a world that increasingly embraces flexibility, the essence of remote work visas lies in providing opportunities for individuals to weave their careers into the fabric of diverse cultures."
Visa Requirements and Application Process
Navigating the maze of visa requirements and the application process can feel daunting for anyone considering a remote work visa. Understanding these elements is vital, as the rules vary significantly from country to country and even within different visa categories. Knowing what to prepare and the potential roadblocks can ultimately pave the way for a smoother transition into your new life as a digital nomad.
Eligibility Criteria
When looking into remote work visas, the eligibility criteria is the first hurdle applicants must overcome. Each country has its own set of qualifications that determine who can apply. Often, these criteria include factors such as:
- Employment Status: Some countries require you to prove you have a contract or are self-employed. For instance, Portugal’s D7 visa is available to those with a stable income from abroad.
- Income Thresholds: Many nations set minimum income levels that must be met. Estonia, for example, mandates a certain gross monthly income, ensuring that you can support yourself while living there.
- Background Checks: A clean criminal record is generally a must. Applicants might need to provide police clearance certificates from their home countries.
To put it simply, meeting the eligibility criteria lays the groundwork for a successful application.
Documentation Needed
Documentation is the backbone of the application process. Without the right papers, your visa application might hit a snag.
Common documents required include:
- Passport: A valid passport is essential, and it must have a sufficient validity period left before renewal is needed.
- Proof of Employment: This could be in the form of a job contract or a freelance agreement.
- Income Verification: Bank statements, payslips, or tax returns are often required to prove you meet the financial requirements.
- Health Insurance: Many countries ask for proof of health coverage during your stay. For example, Bermuda requires proof that you can cover health-related costs while there.
- Additional Documentation: This could range from proof of accommodation to letters of recommendation, depending on the specific visa.
In short, gathering all necessary documentation is crucial. Missing even a single piece can delay your application significantly.
Application Timelines
Timing plays a critical role when it comes to visa applications, as processing times can vary widely from one country to another. Here are some key points to take into consideration:
- Lead Time: Some visas, like the United Arab Emirates virtual working program, may take a month to process, while others could stretch to several months.
- Tracking Your Application: Most countries provide online portals to check your application status. It’s wise to keep an eye on your application to promptly address any requests for additional information.
- Contingency Plans: Given the potential for delays or complications, having a backup plan is vital. Consider your current living situation and ensure you have alternatives in place.
In summary, understanding the timelines helps manage expectations and allows you to plan effectively for your new remote working adventure.
Economic Impact of Remote Work Visas
The economic impact of remote work visas is a pivotal topic that resonates with various stakeholders, including policymakers, investors, and the expatriate community. As remote work continues to reshape the global labor market, understanding how these visas contribute to the economic landscape of host countries becomes crucial. Not only do they offer a pathway for digital nomads to migrate in search of conducive work environments, but they also provide substantial economic benefits to the countries that host them. Let's delve deeper into these dynamics.
Revenue Generation for Host Countries
Remote work visas serve as a conduit for revenue generation in various ways. With digital nomads occupying temporary residences, host countries can see a marked increase in the influx of foreign currency through multiple channels.
- Tourism Boost: As these professionals maintain a lifestyle that often includes travel, they contribute significantly to the local economy. From cafes to coworking spaces, their spending directly impacts various sectors. Popular destinations like Portugal have reported a significant uptick in tourism revenue as remote workers explore their new environments.
- Tax Contributions: Depending on visa regulations, those working remotely may contribute to the local tax systems. Having foreign workers pay taxes can help bolster public funds for infrastructure and community services.
- Real Estate: The demand for short-term rentals can lead to an increase in property values, which benefits local property owners and stimulates real estate markets. While some argue this may exacerbate housing shortages, the economic activity generated can provide a balancing boost.
“Remote work visas not only attract talent but also enrich the local economy, transforming communities into vibrant hubs of innovation and commerce.”
Through these mechanisms, the revenue generation from remote work visas can be a game changer. Countries recognizing this potential are likely to refine their visa processes, aiming to attract not just tourists but long-term contributors to their economies.
Impact on Local Communities
While the economic benefits of remote work visas are noteworthy, the impacts on local communities extend beyond mere numbers.
- Cultural Exchange: The arrival of digital nomads fosters an exchange of ideas and cultures. For instance, during their stay in Spain, remote workers can share their culinary traditions or tech innovations, contributing to a rich tapestry of cultural experiences within the community.
- Job Market Influence: The local job market can become more dynamic as remote workers bring in specialized skills and perspectives. This can potentially lead to collaborations with local businesses, encouraging innovation and the creation of new job opportunities.
- Community Investment: With increased cash flow, local businesses often experience growth, allowing them to hire more staff and invest in the community. More foot traffic can lead to more resources directed towards improving local infrastructure, public spaces, and small-scale events that foster community spirit.
The integration of remote workers into local communities can help galvanize social structures and local economies, driving forward a new wave of sustainable growth.
In essence, the economic impact of remote work visas runs deeper than financial metrics; it enriches the fabric of society, bridging cultures and creating an environment where global talent can contribute to local prosperity.
Challenges Faced by Applicants
Navigating the road to securing a remote work visa is not always smooth sailing. For many, the process comes with a set of hurdles that can trip up even the most prepared applicant. These challenges are significant because they can deter talented individuals from pursuing opportunities abroad, limiting their career growth while hampering the host countries' potential to benefit from the influx of skilled labor. Understanding these challenges helps applicants anticipate issues, enabling them to be better prepared to tackle them head-on.
Understanding Legal Framework
The legal framework surrounding remote work visas is a complex web. Each country has differing rules and regulations, which can feel a bit like piecing together a jigsaw puzzle with missing parts. It's essential to grasp the local laws regarding employment, taxation, and visa sponsorship.
- Employment Laws: Applicants must understand whether they are permitted to work remotely in a given country. Some places have specific requirements about local hire versus foreign workers that can significantly impact a person's ability to secure a visa.
- Tax Obligations: Working in a foreign country usually comes with a unique set of tax rules. Every jurisdiction has its own guidelines. Failing to adhere to them can lead to unexpected tax liabilities or even legal trouble.
- Documentation: Applicants must compile various documents to support their visa application. The specific requirements can vary drastically, so meticulous attention must be paid to ensure all relevant materials are in order and up-to-date.
Understanding the local legal framework is an ongoing journey, as regulations can change quickly. Keeping abreast of these changes through resources such as gov.uk or legal advice from local experts could prove invaluable.
Visa Processing Delays
One of the more frustrating aspects of applying for a remote work visa are the delays in processing. After spending valuable time assembling documentation and following the application guidelines, it can be disheartening to face waiting periods that stretch beyond initial estimates.
- Types of Delays: Delays could arise from numerous sources, including administrative backlogs, changes in immigration policy, or under-resourced consulates.
- Planning for Delays: Given that the processing time can vary widely, from weeks to months, applicants should factor in this time when planning their move. It's best not to put all your eggs in one basket. Instead, build a timeline that accommodates unexpected waiting periods and complications.
- Communication is Key: Keeping in touch with consulate offices can help clarify the status of your application. Connecting through platforms like reddit.com can also provide insights from others who have navigated similar processes, sharing first-hand experiences.
Lifestyle Considerations for Remote Workers
Remote work visas are not just about the legalities of working in a foreign country; they entail a way of life that can dramatically shift an individual’s daily routines, social interactions, and mental health. As more people wander the globe while fulfilling their professional obligations, understanding the lifestyle considerations becomes paramount. Potential visa applicants must weigh the benefits against the challenges associated with remote work living.
Work-Life Balance
Achieving a healthy work-life balance is genuinely crucial for remote workers. When your home is your office, establishing boundaries can become a slippery slope. There’s little to stop work from creeping into personal time, and that can lead to burnout, dissatisfaction, or a sense of isolation. A few strategies can ease this juggling act.
- Designate a Workspace: Create a specific area in your living space that is meant solely for work. This physical boundary can help signal your brain that it’s time to focus.
- Set Working Hours: Sticking to a schedule can prevent you from overworking. It’s all too easy to lose track of time when you’re at home, so consider using time-blocking techniques or timers to stay on track.
- Prioritize Downtime: Whether it’s taking long walks, exploring local markets, or simply spending a few hours disconnected from screens. These moments are crucial for mental clarity and rejuvenation.
"You don't have to be a workaholic to work remotely; just carve out space for both your job and your life."
Not to forget, having a good work-life balance can lead to increased productivity. The key here is to find what works for you personally, ensuring productivity doesn’t come at the expense of well-being.
Cultural Adaptation
Living and working in a different country introduces an exciting array of cultures, languages, and customs. Yet, adapting to a new environment requires finesse. Understanding local behavior patterns, social norms, and even office etiquette can make the transition smoother. Some important aspects to consider include:
- Immersion in Local Culture: Engaging with the community you reside in helps cultivate relationships and a sense of belonging. Attend local festivals, try new foods, and learn a few phrases in the local language to break down barriers.
- Flexible Mindset: Cultivating an open attitude is beneficial. Different countries operate on different rhythms, and being adaptable to these can ease the transition. Recognizing that things might not always follow what you’re accustomed to can lessen frustration.
- Networking Locally: Building a network of friends and colleagues in your new location can be invaluable. Local professionals might provide essential insights into how best to navigate work situations and empower remote workers to feel connected.
Embracing cultural differences can lead to personal growth and invaluable life lessons, enriching not only your career but also your overall life experience.
As remote work continues to gain traction, taking the time to understand and adapt to these lifestyle considerations can significantly enhance the experience. The freedom of working from anywhere is indeed alluring, but without proper balance and adaptation, the allure can quickly diminish.
Future Trends in Remote Work Visas
The landscape of remote work visas is ever-changing, reflecting broader shifts in the working world and societal norms. Understanding these future trends is essential for investors, expatriates, and homeowners who might be interested in leveraging opportunities in this domain. By keeping tabs on what's brewing in the remotework visa space, stakeholders can adjust their strategies and expectations rooted in up-to-date information and analysis.
Evolving Visa Policies
Countries are continuously refining and adapting their visa policies to better cater to remote workers. The rise of digital nomadism is prompting governments to design programs that appeal to this burgeoning demographic. They see remote workers not merely as transient guests but as potential long-term contributors to local economies.
- Increased flexibility: Nation have started offering dynamic policies that allow visa extensions or modifications. For instance, if one plans to stay and work longer than initially anticipated, it may now be easier to adjust one's visa status without hefty penalties.
- Specific niches: Visa policies are evolving to cater to specific professionals. Countries like Portugal have begun to introduce visas tailored for tech workers or startup founders, making the process simpler and more attractive. This signals a shift from one-size-fits-all approaches.
- Emphasis on transparency: The need for clear guidelines is becoming more pronounced. Bear in mind, applicants are often bombarded with information that's either contradictory or unclear. By streamlining rules and simplifying language, governments can help potential visa applicants navigate the process with confidence.
"In the next few years, remote work visas will become more accessible and user-friendly, benefiting both applicants and host countries."
These evolving policies indicate that governments recognize the potential economic benefits of hosting remote workers. This could lead to a golden age for digital nomads, as countries seek to position themselves favorably in an increasingly competitive global environment.
Increased Global Competition
As countries strive to attract remote workers, competition is heating up, making it clear that not all offers are created equal. With the number of nations that now offer remote work visa options, it's crucial for investors and potential applicants to understand the implications of this wider competition.
- Diverse offerings: Countries are not just competing on visa ease but also on lifestyle incentives. For instance, the United Arab Emirates is promoting its luxurious lifestyle, while Estonia boasts of its thriving tech ecosystem. These contrasting pitches mean that applicants often have a wider selection of options, helping them find a location that suits their personal or professional needs.
- Competitive pricing: The cost of obtaining a remote work visa can vary significantly across nations. While some countries may provide powerful benefits or scenic views, their high fees might deter prospective workers. Conversely, jurisdictions that offer more affordable structures may attract a steady influx of digital nomads, leading to a rewriting of the price value narrative.
- Evaluating local economies: The interest in attracting digital nomads can pave the way for reinvigorating local economies. Nations may revamp visa offerings based on the understanding of skill shortages or specific industry needs. This means potential applicants should always keep an eye on which sectors are being prioritized when choosing a destination.
End
As we wrap up this discussion on remote work visas, it's clear that these permits have gained a significant foothold in the global landscape. With the rise of the digital nomad lifestyle and the blending of work and travel, understanding the nuances of these visas is more crucial than ever.
One cannot overlook the myriad benefits these visas offer to both individuals and host countries. For potential applicants, a remote work visa opens doors to explore new cultures and environments, allowing for professional growth while enjoying a change of scenery. This flexibility can lead to increased job satisfaction and a more fulfilling work-life balance.
From an economic standpoint, host nations stand to gain considerable revenues from remote workers who contribute to local economies. The spending power these expatriates bring can rejuvenate businesses in the tourism, hospitality, and service sectors. Communities often flourish with the infusion of diverse cultures and ideas.
However, there are also important considerations that come with remote work visas. Applicants must navigate the complex legal frameworks and understand visa processing times, which can be unpredictable. Also, lifestyle adjustments can be challenging, especially for those venturing into unfamiliar cultures.
Ultimately, grasping the dynamics of remote work visas is vital for investors, agents, expatriates, and homeowners. Each group has a stake, whether it's in finding opportunities abroad, aiding clients in successful applications, or adapting to an evolving workforce landscape.
In summary, the ongoing conversation about remote work visas not only highlights how work is changing but also invites stakeholders to engage thoughtfully in a global economy that more than ever embraces flexibility and connectivity. The future appears bright for those ready to adapt and seize the opportunities presented by remote work visas.
- "The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only one page."
